The rule is that to compute the next mipmap size, you divide by two and round updown to the nearest integer (unless it rounds down to 0, in which case, it's 1 instead). For example, a 57x43 image would have mipmaps like:
level 0: 57x43
level 1: 29x2228x21
level 2: 15x1114x10
level 3: 8x67x5
level 4: 4x33x2
level 5: 2x2
level 6: 1x1
UV mapping, LOD selection, and filtering work just the same way as for power-of-two texture sizes.
Generating good quality mips for a non-power-of-two texture is a little trickier, as you can't simply average a 2x2 box of pixels to downsample in all cases. However, a 2x2 box filter wasn't that great to begin with, so using a better downsampling filter such as Mitchell-Netravali is recommended regardless of the texture size.