You can define you workgroup size as 8x8x1 within the shader. Outside the shader you can execute the glDispatchCompute(3,3,1).

Now you have 24x24 invocations which is larger than you 17x17 image.

Then, within the shader you can query the gl_GlobalInvocationID if you are still inside the image range and if so, do the work

First of all, let me explain how local_size_x local_size_y local_size_z and glDispatchCompute(x, y, z) are related to each other:

The workgroup size can be defined within the shader with the following command: layout (local_size_x = ..., local_size_y = ..., local_size_z = ...) in; The workgroup size is defined by the multiplication of all 3 local_sizes: workgroupSize = local_size_x * local_size_y * local_size_z

The glDispatchCompute(x, y, z) command executes the defined workgroup x * y * z times.

For example when saying: layout (local_size_x = 2, local_size_y = 3, local_size_z = 4) in; with glDispatchCompute(5, 6, 7) you will have 5 * 6 * 7 = 210 workgroups where workgroup has 2 * 3 * 4 = 24 invocations each.

Within the compute shader you have the following built-in input variables: The following information is copied from khronos website

in uvec3 gl_NumWorkGroups; // This variable contains the number of work groups passed to the dispatch function.
in uvec3 gl_WorkGroupID; // This is the current work group for this shader invocation. Each of the XYZ components will be on the half-open range [0, gl_NumWorkGroups.XYZ).
in uvec3 gl_LocalInvocationID; // This is the current invocation of the shader within the work group. Each of the XYZ components will be on the half-open range [0, gl_WorkGroupSize.XYZ).
in uvec3 gl_GlobalInvocationID; // This value uniquely identifies this particular invocation of the compute shader among all invocations of this compute dispatch call. It's a short-hand for the math computation: gl_WorkGroupID * gl_WorkGroupSize + gl_LocalInvocationID;
in uint  gl_LocalInvocationIndex; // This is a 1D version of gl_LocalInvocationID. It identifies this invocation's index within the work group. It is short-hand for this math computation: 
// gl_LocalInvocationIndex =
//     gl_LocalInvocationID.z * gl_WorkGroupSize.x * gl_WorkGroupSize.y +
//     gl_LocalInvocationID.y * gl_WorkGroupSize.x + 
//     gl_LocalInvocationID.x;
const uvec3 gl_WorkGroupSize;   // GLSL ≥ 4.30. The gl_WorkGroupSize variable is a constant that contains the local work-group size of the shader, in 3 dimensions. It is defined by the layout qualifiers local_size_x/y/z. This is a compile-time constant.

With these built-in variables you can figue out, which invocation is the current.

Each workgroup shares memory where each invocation within that workgroup can access to. This memory can be defined in the following way:

shared vec3 variableName;

The variable can NOT be initialized by declaration! The shared memory is faster in access than the global memory (ShaderStorageBufferObjects [SSBO]). So after identifying which invocation belongs to which pixel within an image, each invocation can load the one pixel data from the image (global memory (slow)) and stores the values to shared memory, so that other invocations within the same workgroup can access them. This is faster than telling each invocation to load multiple pixels directly from the image... Have in mind, this shared memory is very limited!

Lets go back to the workgroup size. The values of the example from above were choosen to let you understand how the workgroup size and the glDispatchCompute()command are related to each other. But this workgroup size is choosen badly! And following reason tells you why: On GPUs the work units (each executing one invocation) are grouped to so called warps (Nvidia) and waves (AMD). The vendor (Nvidia and AMD) have different sizes for these warps | waves. Nvidia group 32 work units to one warp, where AMD group 64 work units to one wave. Your workgroup size should be a multiple of your vendors warp(Nvidia), wave(AMD) size. Because when for example defining the workgroup size to be 1, the other 31(Nvidia) 63(AMD) work units will be blocked...

Thats not all... The next importent thing which you need to know when defining the workgroup size is: Each work unit within a workgroup calculate the same arithmetic operation. So when you have a conditional state within your shader (if(...){...} else {...}) then it would be good, if each invocation within the workgroup goes to the same branch (all should go to the if or all should go to the else branch). Because otherwise, when some invocations within the workgroup go to the if branch, all other invocation which would go to the else branch will wait until the if branch has finished their work. Then the else branch will start its work while the invocations from the if branch will wait till it is finished. So your shader will be very slow.

As you can see, when defining the workgroup size several aspects have to be taken care of.