Questions tagged [raytracing]
Questions specific to raytracing (as opposed to scanline rendering), the 3D graphics technique of intersecting rays from the camera with objects in the scene.
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Confusion about different sampling strategies in Monte Carlo Path Tracing
I am studying Monte Carlo Path Tracing from different sources. However, I have some confusion about the sampling part and dare to post here for experts' ...
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How to imlement the Phong BRDF
I'm really sure that this question was asked before, and I found some code snippets by searching this via google. Unfortunately these snippets are in openGL or some other high level computer graphics ...
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What is the difference between Uniform/Storage Buffer and Hitgroup Record data buffer?
I have a vulkan ray tracer in which I uploaded my vertices as a single buffer (for all meshes in the scene) as a storage buffer. I have one closest hit shader per way-of-calculating-lighting (e.g. one ...
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Why would an image look the same pre-raytracing and post-raytracing?
I am trying to raytrace an image of a black hole, but given my current difficulties of doing so with the formalism of relativity, I've decided to do my raytracing using Newton's law of gravitation ...
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Why doesn't using depth biasing to fix shadow acne result in an even bigger problem?
I am currently reading the Ray Tracing in One Weekend tutorial (link), and I am dubious about their fix for shadow acne, which is to ignore ray-geometry intersections that occur at very small times.
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How to calculate the radiance of the reflected light ray using the Blin Phong BRDF
to get the radiance of the Lambertian diffuse reflected light, I have to multiply the constant pdf (rho/pi) with the incoming intensity I0*cos(theta_i), where cos(theta_i) is given by the scalar ...
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Precision errors with raytracing normal
I'm writing a raytracer in Java that draws a scene containing the elliptic paraboloid defined by the equation $F(x,y,z)=x^2+z^2-y=0$, as well as the hyperbolic paraboloid defined by $G(x,y,z)=x^2-z^2-...
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Can raytracing be used to determine a certain gas distribution in a real planet's atmosphere?
I want to calculate the capacity that the planet Mars has regarding protecting against UV-light for a final project I will be doing my last year in upper secondary school. UV-light is mainly absorbed ...
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Importance sampling of the blinn-phong brdf in pathtracing
tl;dr:
How do you importance sample the blinn-phong-brdf?
Recipe for importance sampling of the phong brdf as far as i understood it (pseudo-code):
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What is out-of-core raytracing?
I just stumbled upon this "out-of-core" term and tried to see what it is about. There are a few papers and even a few questions talking about it here at computergraphics.stackexchange, but I ...
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Where does sin(theta) go in estimators of The Rendering Equation?
Consider this equation, where we have a surface integral over hemisphere with Lambertian BRDF and cos(theta) from The Rendering Equation:
$$
\int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\frac{albedo}{\pi}...
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Defining ray direction vector
Here I try to combine scratchapixel's articles to understand the operation of the camera-to-world matrix and ray direction vector. Here https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/ray-...
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What is this cardioid/fish-like graphic that appears in FFXVI when looking at the sun?
In Final Fantasy 16, a recent video game, when looking towards the setting sun, one sees several circles, which seem like the lens flare that one commonly sees in games. But the most prominent (circle)...
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Motivation for densities wrt the same measure in MIS
In Veach's thesis the MIS weights (e.g. using the balance heuristic) for two strategies with densities $p_1, p_2$ are given as $w_1(x) = \frac{p_1(x)}{p_1(x)+p_2(x)}$ and $w_2(x) = \frac{p_2(x)}{p_1(x)...
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How many rays can one RT core calculate simultaneously?
I have noticed that all GeForce RTX cards, without exception, have an equal number of RT cores as they have streaming multiprocessors (SM). From this fact I assume that each RT core is associated with ...
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Raytracing Diffuse Function not Working as Expected
I am trying to write a raytracing renderer using compute shaders in Metal. My implementation is based off of Peter Shirley's Raytracing in One Weekend: https://raytracing.github.io/books/...
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Calculating world coordinates of a pixel from a camera picture
Sorry for this question. I know there are many similar questions but I really know nothing about math that involves this case.
I have a picture taken from a camera. I know some information about this ...
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How to properly use the BRDF from glTF 2.0 specification in path tracing while using metallic/roughness materials?
I've built a renderer which should render glTF materials, as they are defined in their specification. So I should be able to render satisfying (similar to Cycles and Ospray) results just from the base ...
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Ray light color at distance
I am obviously not understanding something related to light for a ray tracer.
Reading Spectral representation
and Point light calculation
A bit of a context:
My question is: in room at X degrees ...
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How does Unreal Engine 5's Lumen (most likely) implement reflections?
In this YouTube video, the creator mentions that reflections in Unreal Engine 5's Lumen "work by tracing the path of light as it bounces off of surfaces in the game world." Does this mean ...
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How to compute discrete partial derivatives in 3D
I'm supposed to compute partial derivatives for 3D volume rendering (in ray tracing). I'm bad at math and so I can't understand what $f$ is in my case. In reviewing examples, I'm seeing the $f$ ...
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Raytracing in OpenGL or Vulkan?
I was looking at this glass ball rendering with an image inside of it (zoom out to see the glass ball), and noticed that it looks like they simulate the refraction of light as it crosses from inside ...
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convert right handed matrix into left handed forward/up/right vectors
I have an openGL style matrix (column major, right handed ) that needs to be converted into two vectors (forward and up)
I've managed to find, in a weird way, a solution that matches the the ...
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Is the scene being drawn correctly with my raytracer?
I have a ray tracer that I wrote myself.
I am not sure that the scene is being drawn correctly, to be more precise, are my reflections on the floor and on the sphere correct?
My scene:
...
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How is Aperture and Pixel Size accounted for in calculating received power using ray tracing?
NOTE: Deleting the question to rephrase it after continuing to read other responses and toy around with it:
I've written a path tracer and am now working on implementing a physically accurate way of ...
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Converting points, vectors, normals between world and object space for a ray tracer gives weird results
I'm writing a ray tracer but having trouble converting rays and normals between world space and object space.
I am creating a Ray, then transforming it with transformation matrices, calculating ...
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cosine term in rendering equation
Rendering equation's value can be estimated with Monte Carlo (Physically Based Rendering: Light Transport I: Surface Reflection):
$\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
L_o(p, \omega_o) &= \int_{S^2}f(p, ...
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Porting from DXR/HLSL to Vulkan Ray Tracing Extension/GLSL
I am working on the port of a demo from DXR to Vulkan Ray Tracing extension using GLSL.
In DXR/HLSL space, there are RayTMin() and RayTCurrent() functions to retrieve the starting and the current end ...
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Missing triangles when rendering with BVH
I'm writing a software ray-tracer. I implemented a BVH structure (octree, actually) and traverse algorithm, but when I use it I get missing triangles. These are the facts that I have:
Rendering ...
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Glowing objects in a raytracer? How it works?
My raytracer has a point light source, it works as it should, illuminates the scene, but there is a problem, it is not visible, I would like to add glowing objects to the raytracer, for example a ...
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Rendering equation integration variable change
I'm watching the TU Wien rendering lectures in the course we were presented with a rendering equation (first one on the screenshot) and then another, which results from a change of variables (if I ...
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ray-box intersection
I've searched everywhere for an equation that suits my needs but i couldn't find anything useful. I'm making a voxel ray-tracer so I need an equation that gets me the intersection of a ray with a box, ...
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Calculation of reflection vector in Phong specular lighting
I wrote the following phong reflection model for ray tracing in Rust, but I am not sure about the calculation of a reflection vector for the specular reflection.
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PBRT: why normalize ray's direction
In PBRT Chapter Camera Model, when describing Camera::GenerateRay(), it writes
It is important that the direction component of the returned ray be normalized—many ...
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Calculating ray intersection with two spheres (with smooth_blending between the two spheres to make them appear as one continuous geometry)
I have the following function to define the distance to the interesection between a ray and the surface of a sphere:
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Trouble getting a raytracer camera representation for different aspect ratios
I am trying to make my camera representation work for images whose aspect ratio isn't 1 (640x480, 1920x1080...), but I am having some trouble getting it to work.
The camera model is pretty simple, as ...
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Is this algorithm a variation of ray tracing worth something?
Im not a professional computer graphics programmer, I'm just learning. All the tutorials I've seen so far about ray tracing have one thing in common, that in order to get good visual results they need ...
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Question about reconstruction filter in ray tracing?
Suppose we have an 512x512 image, then the value of pixel j should be $I_j = \int_{0}^{512} \int_{0}^{512} h_j(u,v)L(u,v) \,dudv$, where $h_j(u,v)$ is the filter function for pixel j, $L(u,v)$ is the ...
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Tracing conic surface through voxel grid
I have a voxel grid and a conic surface (hollow cone) placed in the grid.
I want to know which voxels intersect with the cone surface and how much.
So far I have tried sampling points on the conic ...
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MIS path tracing got darker image than brute force path tracing
I'm trying to implement the multiple importance sampling path tracing, the MIS path tracing uses the MIS to combine the direct light sampling and brdf sampling to evaluate the direct lighting.
The ...
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Vulkan Ray Tracing analogue of Optix's OPTIX_BUILD_INPUT_TYPE_CURVES
Optix has OPTIX_BUILD_INPUT_TYPE_CURVES to model splines. The SDK comes with an example named optixHair.
I could not find something like this under Vulkan RayTracing Extension, how could one implement ...
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Perlin noise is mysteriously ignored when the pattern is rotated 45 degrees
I am creating different coloring patterns for my CPU raytracer, such as checker, gradient, ring, stripe pattern etc. The problems started when I tried to create a perturbation pattern (of a subpattern)...
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How can we represent a self-intersecting surface without analytic expression in computer?
Suppose we have a suface without self-intersection, then we can store it numerically using grid samples from its signed distance funtion. But what for the self-intersecting case, can we still use the ...
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Am I creating my raygeneration shader correctly
Hi I want to create a ray generation shader which traces rays inside a box frustum given by an Orthographic projection matrix(XMMatrixOrthographicLH) I use the following ray generation shader code:
<...
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Understanding camera of a CPU raytracer from "Ray tracer challenge"
I am following a book "Ray tracer challenge" by Buck, but it doesn't explain anything. The code works, but I don't properly understand, why.
The code is as follows:
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Applying Phong illumination to a colored surface
The formula for Phong illumination as given on Wikipedia (see there for the variable definitions) is:
$$I_\text{p} = k_\text{a} i_\text{a} + \sum_{m\;\in\;\text{lights}} (k_\text{d} (\hat{L}_m \cdot \...
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RayTracing grid acceleration slowness using motion blur
I'm adding some motionblur feature to my raytracer and I'm using an uniform grid acceleration scheme (it will be updated to bvh later on) to speed up the rendering time.
My problem is that if I have a ...
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Getting something close to the convex full of SDFs using CSG operations
Inigo Quilez has an explanation of smooth operations to join sdfs.
I am trying to get something close to the convex hull of multiple sdfs. For starters let;s consider a simple case of 3 cubes int eh ...
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Difficulty in understanding the interpretation of propagation of an exitant function from the book Advanced Global Illumination (2nd ed)
The book defines operator $\mathcal{T}$ for the propagation of an exitant function as:
if I'm assuming that the position of the point $x$ is on the top-left surface, and that $\Psi$ is considered as ...
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Ray Tracing With Continuous Refraction
I want to write a simple ray tracing(?) algorithm in WebGL with continuous refraction. So my idea was, what if you have a material whose optical density varies continuously, if this is physically ...
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